Calidad de vida de adolescentes y adultos jóvenes foráneos adictos atendidos en las comunidades terapéuticas El Cocal y El Quinqué / Life quality of addicted adolescents and young adults' therapeutic communities from El Cocal and El Quinqué

RESUMEN Introducción: el consumo de sustancias tóxicas supone un grave problema biológico, psicológico y social para los individuos adictos. Objetivo: caracterizar las adicciones en pacientes adolescentes y adultos jóvenes foráneos atendidos en las Comunidades Terapéuticas El Cocal y El Quinqué. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo a los 612 adolescentes y adultos jóvenes foráneos atendidos que ingresaron entre el 2001 y 2015 en las Comunidades Terapéuticas de Holguín, Cuba. Los factores de riesgo se precisan en las historias clínicas, donde aparecen el examen psiquiátrico, historia social psiquiátrica, entrevistas individuales, dinámica familiar y estudios psicológicos. Resultados: prevaleció el sexo masculino, con el 93,6%, y el grupo de edades 20 a 24 años, con el 88,6%; el inicio del consumo ocurrió entre los 13 y 17 años, con el 49,5%, así como el 52,9% con nivel académico de bachiller elemental; el 66,7% se encontraban solteros y el 60,5% nunca tuvo vínculo laboral. Las principales drogas de consumo fueron alcohol (94,3%), marihuana (85,1%) y cocaína (84,3%). Los factores de riesgo personológicos y familiares desempeñaron un papel determinante para el uso y abuso de drogas, con el consiguiente deterioro paulatino de la calidad de vida. Conclusiones: la adicción prevalece en jóvenes del sexo masculino policonsumidores, en que los factores de riesgos tuvieron un papel determinante en el uso y abuso de drogas legales e ilegales, que genera el deterioro de su calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT Introduction: drugs have become a terrible biological, psychological and social problem, affecting addicted individuals´ quality of life. Objective: characterize adolescents and young-adults addictions and life quality, treated at El Quinqué and El Cocal Therapeutic Communities. Method: a descriptive study on a sample of 612 adolescents and young-adults admitted in the therapeutics communities of Holguin, Cuba, from 2001 to 2015. Risk factors, psychiatric history, individual interviews, familiar dynamics and psychological studies are included in the clinical records. Results: males prevailed in 93.6%, and the age groups from 20 to 24 reached 88.6%. Consumption between 13 and 17 years old were 49.5% as well as the 52.9% % with elementary bachelor. The 66.7% were single, 60.5% had never worked. Consumption main drugs were alcohol up to 94.3%, marijuana with 85.1% and cocaine elevated to 84.3%. The personological and family risk factors for the use and abuse of drugs, diminishes their life quality. Conclusions: addiction prevails in polychocumenical male adolescents. Risk factors are the key to the use and abuse of legal and illegal drugs. They gradually deteriorate life quality.

Addiction and Quantitative Electroencephalography / 신경정신의학

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) has a long history and its clinical usefulness has gradually become well known. QEEG is a noninvasive, easy, comfortable and inexpensive way to check the brain status, but it is not specific to a diagnosis and requires sufficient experience in its clinical interpretation. The techniques and parameters of QEEG are increasingly being developed and studied, so their utilization will become more widespread in the future. QEEG in addiction disorders has not been fully studied, but it has many possibilities. The symptoms of addiction disorder and QEEG characteristics in some addictions show features that are clinically beneficial to diagnosis and treatment. Various complementary studies in the future are expected to make it more useful in clinics.

Application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the diagnosis and treatment of alcohol addicts / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Alcohol dependence as a chronic disease with high relapse rates,seriously affects individ-ual health and causes related social problems. However,the treatment of alcohol addiction currently lacks ef-fective interventions to reduce craving and prevent relapse. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS) is an emerging intervention in the field of addiction. This paper reviews the researches to introduce the working principle of TMS and its effects on brain functions and neurotransmitters of alcohol dependent pa-tients. Studies have shown that rTMS has a certain effect on reducing alcohol craving,but the existing re-search protocols and their results are not exactly same,and the best parameters need to be clarified. Future research can try to explore optimized treatment options,and find biological efficacy indicators to provide more evidence for further clinical application.

Contents Analysis of Addiction Prevention in Middle School Textbooks

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze addiction prevention related content shown in middle school text books. METHODS: Using a combination of the terms “addiction”, “drug”, “medicine”, “personal preference”, “smoking”, “drinking”, “sex”, “misuse” or “abuse” as key words, the researchers screened the table of contents of 23 randomly selected middle school textbooks from the 2009 curriculum. Finally 13 textbooks (physical education=10, health=3) were selected for this study, and analyzed using Krippendorff's contents analysis. RESULTS: Through indepth discussion and investigation of the relevant textbooks, content related to addiction prevention included material addiction (77.8%) and behavioral addiction (22.2%). The construction of addiction prevention in middle school textbooks included understanding addiction, rejection of peer temptation, and empowerment of self-control. CONCLUSION: When developing an intervention for addiction prevention that targets middle school students, education with accurate addiction information must be considered so that the students have the correct knowledge about addiction and addiction prevention. Additionally, the ability to reject peer temptation when invited to act upon related addiction behaviors should be treated seriously. The empowerment of self-control is also important, and can be promoted through strengthening self-regulation competence.

The Relationships between Early Trauma, Dissociation, and Alexithymia in Alcohol Addiction

OBJECTIVE: Addiction is often considered a dissociative behavior that is related to alexithymia and developmental trauma. The study aims were to explore the relationships between early trauma, alexithymia, and dissociation. METHODS: A total of 117 (males=60; females=57) alcohol-addicted individuals and 117 healthy individuals (males=60; females=57) were administered a series of self-report questionnaires that assess traumatic experiences, alexithymia, and pathological dissociation. RESULTS: Correlation analyses indicated significant correlations between alexithymia, dissociation, and trauma and a significant difference between the target and control groups, with higher alexithymia and dissociation scores in the target group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that trauma, alexithymia, and dissociation are predictors of alcohol addiction.

Transtorno por uso de álcool / Alcohol disorders

O alcoolismo, também conhecido como dependência de álcool e, mais recentemente, como transtorno por uso de álcool grave, é uma doença crônica e progressiva e tem consequências clínicas e sociais sérias(1,2). Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), o uso de álcool é o terceiro maior fator de risco para morte prematura, incapacitação e perda de saúde no mundo e é um problema de saúde pública que deve ser investigado por todo profissional da área da saúde(3). O objetivo deste artigo é revisar e atualizar os conceitos, diagnóstico e tratamento dos transtornos por uso de álcool. Para tal, as autoras selecionaram publicações recentes e relevantes em revistas científicas e sites de organizações especializadas em transtornos por uso de substâncias. É importante ressaltar que, devido às mudanças recentes nos critérios diagnósticos, os estudos e protocolos aqui revisados estão de acordo com a classificação anterior e algumas adaptações foram feitas pelas autoras.

A trajetória de um serviço público em álcool e outras drogas no município de Vitória: o caso do CPTT / The trajectory of a public service for alcohol and drug addicts in Vitória: the case of the CPTT

O objetivo desse estudo é analisar o Centro de Prevenção e Tratamento de Toxicômanos (CPTT) e refletir o processo municipal de implementação da política de atenção aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas. Foi realizada pesquisa documental tendo como fontes os relatórios semestrais/anuais e/ou de gestão do CPTT e artigos publicados sobre o serviço. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo, recorrendo a categorias a priori e a posteriori. O CPTT, serviço de saúde da Prefeitura Municipal de Vitória, foi criado em 1992 na perspectiva de um serviço psicossocial. O processo de trabalho abrange o atendimento individual; atividades grupais na Atenção Diária e grupos de acolhimento e acompanhamento. O quadro hoje no CPTT se caracteriza por precarização do vínculo de trabalho da maioria dos profissionais com o CPTT. Os dados apontam que a implementação do CPTT no município de Vitória expressa, contraditoriamente, avanços na política municipal de atenção aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas e o desafio da não implementação de uma política de recursos humanos que efetive os avanços propostos pela política.

The aim of this case study is to analyze the Center for Prevention and Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Addiction (CPTT)/Psychosocial Care Center in Drugs and Alcohol (CAPS ad), and to reflect about the implementation process of the local addiction recovery policy for drug users and alcoholics. A document research was performed using as sources the CPTTs mid-year/annual and/or management reports and articles about the service. Data were analyzed using a priori and a posteriori content analysis. The CPTT, a health service of the government of the city of Vitória, was created in 1992 as a psychosocial service. The services provided by the CPTT include individual care, daily group activities and reception and follow-up groups. Today, the situation in the CPTT is characterized by precarious employment relations for most of the professionals working there. The trajectory of the implementation of the CPTT in the city of Vitória expresses two contradictory features: on one hand the advances made in the implementation of the public policy for prevention and treatment of drug and alcohol abuse, and on the other hand the challenge posed by the lack of a human resources policy capable of putting in effect the advances proposed by the policy.